备注
前往结尾 下载完整示例代码。
带注释的热图#
通常希望将依赖于两个独立变量的数据显示为颜色编码的图像图。这通常被称为热图。如果数据是分类的，这将被称分类热图。
Matplotlib 的 imshow 函数使得生成此类图表特别容易。
以下示例展示了如何创建带有注释的热图。我们将从一个简单的示例开始，并将其扩展为可作为通用函数使用。
一个简单的分类热图#
我们可以从定义一些数据开始。我们需要的是一个定义了数据以进行颜色编码的二维列表或数组。然后，我们还需要两个类别列表或数组；当然，这些列表中的元素数量需要与相应轴上的数据匹配。热图本身是一个 imshow 图，其标签设置为我们拥有的类别。请注意，设置刻度位置（set_xticks）和刻度标签（set_xticklabels）都很重要，否则它们会不同步。位置只是升序的整数，而刻度标签是显示的标签。最后，我们可以通过在每个单元格中创建一个 Text 来标记数据本身，显示该单元格的值。
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
import matplotlib as mpl
vegetables = ["cucumber", "tomato", "lettuce", "asparagus",
"potato", "wheat", "barley"]
farmers = ["Farmer Joe", "Upland Bros.", "Smith Gardening",
"Agrifun", "Organiculture", "BioGoods Ltd.", "Cornylee Corp."]
harvest = np.array([[0.8, 2.4, 2.5, 3.9, 0.0, 4.0, 0.0],
[2.4, 0.0, 4.0, 1.0, 2.7, 0.0, 0.0],
[1.1, 2.4, 0.8, 4.3, 1.9, 4.4, 0.0],
[0.6, 0.0, 0.3, 0.0, 3.1, 0.0, 0.0],
[0.7, 1.7, 0.6, 2.6, 2.2, 6.2, 0.0],
[1.3, 1.2, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 3.2, 5.1],
[0.1, 2.0, 0.0, 1.4, 0.0, 1.9, 6.3]])
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
im = ax.imshow(harvest)
# Show all ticks and label them with the respective list entries
ax.set_xticks(range(len(farmers)), labels=farmers,
rotation=45, ha="right", rotation_mode="anchor")
ax.set_yticks(range(len(vegetables)), labels=vegetables)
# Loop over data dimensions and create text annotations.
for i in range(len(vegetables)):
for j in range(len(farmers)):
text = ax.text(j, i, harvest[i, j],
ha="center", va="center", color="w")
ax.set_title("Harvest of local farmers (in tons/year)")
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
使用辅助函数代码风格#
如在 编码风格 中所讨论的，人们可能希望重用此类代码来为不同的输入数据和/或不同的轴创建某种热图。我们创建一个函数，该函数接受数据和行标签与列标签作为输入，并允许使用自定义绘图的参数。
在这里，除了上述内容外，我们还希望创建一个颜色条，并将标签放置在热图上方而不是下方。注释将根据阈值获得不同的颜色，以更好地与像素颜色形成对比。最后，我们关闭周围的轴脊，并创建一个白色线条的网格来分隔单元格。
def heatmap(data, row_labels, col_labels, ax=None,
cbar_kw=None, cbarlabel="", **kwargs):
"""
Create a heatmap from a numpy array and two lists of labels.
Parameters
----------
data
A 2D numpy array of shape (M, N).
row_labels
A list or array of length M with the labels for the rows.
col_labels
A list or array of length N with the labels for the columns.
ax
A `matplotlib.axes.Axes` instance to which the heatmap is plotted. If
not provided, use current Axes or create a new one. Optional.
cbar_kw
A dictionary with arguments to `matplotlib.Figure.colorbar`. Optional.
cbarlabel
The label for the colorbar. Optional.
**kwargs
All other arguments are forwarded to `imshow`.
"""
if ax is None:
ax = plt.gca()
if cbar_kw is None:
cbar_kw = {}
# Plot the heatmap
im = ax.imshow(data, **kwargs)
# Create colorbar
cbar = ax.figure.colorbar(im, ax=ax, **cbar_kw)
cbar.ax.set_ylabel(cbarlabel, rotation=-90, va="bottom")
# Show all ticks and label them with the respective list entries.
ax.set_xticks(range(data.shape[1]), labels=col_labels,
rotation=-30, ha="right", rotation_mode="anchor")
ax.set_yticks(range(data.shape[0]), labels=row_labels)
# Let the horizontal axes labeling appear on top.
ax.tick_params(top=True, bottom=False,
labeltop=True, labelbottom=False)
# Turn spines off and create white grid.
ax.spines[:].set_visible(False)
ax.set_xticks(np.arange(data.shape[1]+1)-.5, minor=True)
ax.set_yticks(np.arange(data.shape[0]+1)-.5, minor=True)
ax.grid(which="minor", color="w", linestyle='-', linewidth=3)
ax.tick_params(which="minor", bottom=False, left=False)
return im, cbar
def annotate_heatmap(im, data=None, valfmt="{x:.2f}",
textcolors=("black", "white"),
threshold=None, **textkw):
"""
A function to annotate a heatmap.
Parameters
----------
im
The AxesImage to be labeled.
data
Data used to annotate. If None, the image's data is used. Optional.
valfmt
The format of the annotations inside the heatmap. This should either
use the string format method, e.g. "$ {x:.2f}", or be a
`matplotlib.ticker.Formatter`. Optional.
textcolors
A pair of colors. The first is used for values below a threshold,
the second for those above. Optional.
threshold
Value in data units according to which the colors from textcolors are
applied. If None (the default) uses the middle of the colormap as
separation. Optional.
**kwargs
All other arguments are forwarded to each call to `text` used to create
the text labels.
"""
if not isinstance(data, (list, np.ndarray)):
data = im.get_array()
# Normalize the threshold to the images color range.
if threshold is not None:
threshold = im.norm(threshold)
else:
threshold = im.norm(data.max())/2.
# Set default alignment to center, but allow it to be
# overwritten by textkw.
kw = dict(horizontalalignment="center",
verticalalignment="center")
kw.update(textkw)
# Get the formatter in case a string is supplied
if isinstance(valfmt, str):
valfmt = matplotlib.ticker.StrMethodFormatter(valfmt)
# Loop over the data and create a `Text` for each "pixel".
# Change the text's color depending on the data.
texts = []
for i in range(data.shape[0]):
for j in range(data.shape[1]):
kw.update(color=textcolors[int(im.norm(data[i, j]) > threshold)])
text = im.axes.text(j, i, valfmt(data[i, j], None), **kw)
texts.append(text)
return texts
上述内容现在使我们能够保持实际的绘图创建过程非常紧凑。
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
im, cbar = heatmap(harvest, vegetables, farmers, ax=ax,
cmap="YlGn", cbarlabel="harvest [t/year]")
texts = annotate_heatmap(im, valfmt="{x:.1f} t")
fig.tight_layout()
plt.show()
一些更复杂的热图示例#
在下文中，我们通过在不同情况下应用并使用不同参数来展示之前创建的函数的多样性。
np.random.seed(19680801)
fig, ((ax, ax2), (ax3, ax4)) = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(8, 6))
# Replicate the above example with a different font size and colormap.
im, _ = heatmap(harvest, vegetables, farmers, ax=ax,
cmap="Wistia", cbarlabel="harvest [t/year]")
annotate_heatmap(im, valfmt="{x:.1f}", size=7)
# Create some new data, give further arguments to imshow (vmin),
# use an integer format on the annotations and provide some colors.
data = np.random.randint(2, 100, size=(7, 7))
y = [f"Book {i}" for i in range(1, 8)]
x = [f"Store {i}" for i in list("ABCDEFG")]
im, _ = heatmap(data, y, x, ax=ax2, vmin=0,
cmap="magma_r", cbarlabel="weekly sold copies")
annotate_heatmap(im, valfmt="{x:d}", size=7, threshold=20,
textcolors=("red", "white"))
# Sometimes even the data itself is categorical. Here we use a
# `matplotlib.colors.BoundaryNorm` to get the data into classes
# and use this to colorize the plot, but also to obtain the class
# labels from an array of classes.
data = np.random.randn(6, 6)
y = [f"Prod. {i}" for i in range(10, 70, 10)]
x = [f"Cycle {i}" for i in range(1, 7)]
qrates = list("ABCDEFG")
norm = matplotlib.colors.BoundaryNorm(np.linspace(-3.5, 3.5, 8), 7)
fmt = matplotlib.ticker.FuncFormatter(lambda x, pos: qrates[::-1][norm(x)])
im, _ = heatmap(data, y, x, ax=ax3,
cmap=mpl.colormaps["PiYG"].resampled(7), norm=norm,
cbar_kw=dict(ticks=np.arange(-3, 4), format=fmt),
cbarlabel="Quality Rating")
annotate_heatmap(im, valfmt=fmt, size=9, fontweight="bold", threshold=-1,
textcolors=("red", "black"))
# We can nicely plot a correlation matrix. Since this is bound by -1 and 1,
# we use those as vmin and vmax. We may also remove leading zeros and hide
# the diagonal elements (which are all 1) by using a
# `matplotlib.ticker.FuncFormatter`.
corr_matrix = np.corrcoef(harvest)
im, _ = heatmap(corr_matrix, vegetables, vegetables, ax=ax4,
cmap="PuOr", vmin=-1, vmax=1,
cbarlabel="correlation coeff.")
def func(x, pos):
return f"{x:.2f}".replace("0.", ".").replace("1.00", "")
annotate_heatmap(im, valfmt=matplotlib.ticker.FuncFormatter(func), size=7)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
参考文献
本示例展示了以下函数、方法、类和模块的使用：